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6 min read
Intermediate Signals and Sub-Component
Intermediate Signals and Sub-Component Circom’s primary purpose is to compile down to a Rank 1 Constraint System (R1CS), but its secondary purpose is to populate the witness. For most circuits, the...
6 min read
Tick limits in Uniswap V3
Tick limits in Uniswap V3 The smallest tick in Uniswap v3 is -887,272 and the largest tick is 887,272. This chapter explains the rationale behind this range, which is based on finding the tick that...
9 min read
Square Root Price in Uniswap V3
Square Root Price in Uniswap V3 In Uniswap V2, the protocol tracks token reserves and derives the spot price, $p_x=y/x$, and total liquidity, $L=xy$, where $x$ and $y$ are the reserves of tokens X...
13 min read
ERC-6909 Minimal Multi-Token Standard
ERC-6909 Minimal Multi-Token Standard The ERC-6909 token standard is a streamlined alternative to the ERC-1155 token standard. The ERC-1155 standard introduced a multiple-token interface that allows...
12 min read
Coding a Solidity rebase token
Coding a Solidity rebase token A “rebase token” (sometimes “rebasing token”) is an ERC-20 token where the total supply, and the balances of token holders, can change without transfers, minting, or...
25 min read
The Diamond Proxy Pattern Explained
The Diamond Proxy Pattern Explained The Diamond Pattern (ERC-2535) is a proxy pattern where the proxy contract uses multiple implementation contracts simultaneously, unlike the Transparent...
13 min read
Q Number Format
Q Number Format Q number format is a notation for describing binary fixed-point numbers. A fixed-point number is a popular design pattern in Solidity for storing fractional values, since the language...
10 min read
Introduction to Proxies
Introduction to Proxies Proxy contracts enable smart contracts to retain their state while allowing their logic to be upgraded. By default, smart contracts cannot be upgraded because deployed...
15 min read
Introducing ticks in Uniswap V3
Introducing ticks in Uniswap V3 This article explains what ticks are in Uniswap V3. Ticks enable gas-efficient accounting of concentrated liquidity, so let’s quickly review concentrated liquidity...
18 min read
How Concentrated Liquidity in Uniswap V3 Works
How Concentrated Liquidity in Uniswap V3 Works This article explains how Uniswap V3 implements concentrated liquidity. We assume the reader already understands Uniswap V2. To understand concentrated...
20 min read
ERC-1155 Multi Token Standard
ERC-1155 Multi Token Standard The ERC-1155 standard describes how to create both fungible and non-fungible tokens then incorporate them into a single smart contract. This saves significant deployment...
21 min read
Range Proof
Range Proof A range proof in the context of inner product arguments is a proof that the scalar $v$ has been committed to $V$ and $v$ is less than $2^n$ for some non-negative integer $n$. This article...