Solidity

Understanding the Spec File in Certora CVL In the last chapter, we saw that to perform formal verification using Certora Prover, we need to provide the Prover with the following key items: Smart...

Formally Verifying Ownable.sol Ownable is an abstract contract that provides owner-based access control. When inherited, it restricts specific functions to the owner using the modifier. It has three...

Testing msg.sender and msg.value in CVL Introduction In this chapter, we introduce the variable in CVL, which enables us to make rules for functions that depend on , , and other global variables in...

Biconditional Operator Introduction The biconditional operator enables us to assert if-and-only-if relationships between boolean values. Implication () states that if condition P is satisfied, then Q...

Formally Verifying a Counter In the previous chapter, we learned the theoretical side of formal verification, including what it is and how it works. In this module, we’ll move beyond theory and learn...

Implication Operator Introduction The implication operator is frequently used as a substitute for the statement since it is cleaner. Consider the following example: a function that takes two unsigned...

Introduction to Method Properties Introduction In the previous chapter, we learned about parametric rules, which allow us to formally verify properties that are expected to hold regardless of which...

Formally Verifying Address Balance In the previous chapter, we covered how to reason about environment-dependent functions in CVL by focusing on in non-payable contexts. In those examples, access...

Overflow and Mathint In CVL, the type represents unbounded integers, unlike Solidity’s fixed-size types such as . It performs arithmetic without overflow or underflow, which allows reasoning based on...

Conditional Statements in CVL and Formally Verifying Parts of Solady and Solmate Introduction Some contract behaviors (properties) are inherently conditional, and using constructs like if/else in CVL...

Formally verifying Initializable.sol This article describes how Certora formally verified the Initializable.sol OpenZeppelin contract. We assume the reader is already familiar with how this contract...

Constructors in Cairo A constructor is a one-time-call function executed during contract deployment to initialize state variables, perform contract setup tasks, make cross-contract interactions and...